Depressive Disorder
Depression refers to a collection of several depressive disorders. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) classifies three of these disorders (by the exhibition of distinct depression symptoms): major depression; dysthymic disorder; and unspecified depression. There are an additional two disorders which are classified by etiology: depressive disorder due to a generalized physical condition and substance-induced depressive disorder.
Any age can develop depressive disorders; however, usually they develop during the earlier adult years. From about 14 years to the middle 30’s, young people are vulnerable to these disorders. 30% of young people report symptoms of depression, however less than 10% will be diagnosed with major depression.
Major depression is the most serious type of disorder when regarding the number of symptoms and the degree of severity in the symptoms. There are varying degrees of severity and differing traits in the symptoms of this disorder. The individual does not necessarily have to be suicidal to be diagnosed as having a major depression. Also, the person may not have a history of being hospitalized for mental illness to fall under the classification of major depression. However, both conditions can be included in some who have major depression.
Dysthymic disorder refers to low to moderate levels of depression with symptoms that continue for at least two years, perhaps longer. Sometimes known as a chronic depression, dysthymic disorder may have symptoms that last for long periods of time and resist treatment. Usually, however, the symptoms are not as severe as major depression. People have been know, though, to develop major depression at some time during their dysthymic disorder.
Unspecified depression is a disorder that researchers use to study other types of depression. In doing this, researchers will keep their data from being confused with secondary diagnoses. It is a serious depression, yet less severe and not meeting the criteria to be classified as major. People who have these depression characteristics, along with others who have a chronic, moderate depression are included in this category.
Etiology is another classification of depressive disorder. In this type, the relatives of first degree kinship seem to experience commonalities in depression and its symptoms. Genetics also play a role in this disorder. Serotonin which is triggered by stress also seems to be another common characteristic. People who have had a child abuse history seem to be more prone to develop depression.
There is also a focus on neurotransmitter level changes which affect certain individuals. Moreover, psychosocial influences are involved such as traumatic life changes such as major losses of family and separations. Introverted persons and who suffer anxiety may be more susceptible to depressive disorders. Life pressures often prove overwhelming and they are unable to develop any coping skills. Another factor are the hormones that affect women, and, thus, the tendency to also develop a depressive disorder. Endocrine changes that accompany menstruation and menopause may be a factor in women developing depression. Other biological influences in causing depressive disorder include strokes, multiple sclerosis and some cancers.
Substance induced depressive disorders are those disorders which are caused by certain drugs like corticosteroids and so called recreational drugs such as amphetamines and alcohol. Withdrawal from drugs may also cause temporary depressive symptoms.
Chronic sadness usually will be the main symptom of a depressive disorder. This sadness will be serious as well as chronic and will interfere with the depressed individual’s ability to function and enjoy his/her life. Proper diagnosis of the disorder will ensure proper treatment. Treatment can be successful and will include depression medication and psychotherapy. Receiving support from friends and family will also add to his hopeful prognosis.
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